Causes of Parkinson’s Disease

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive brain disorder with no single known cause. Factors like age, genetics, environmental exposures and lifestyle choices may raise your risk.

Learn what may contribute to Parkinson’s disease - and how you can take steps to lower your risk.

Research shows that changes in the brain play an important role in Parkinson’s disease.

How Parkinson’s disease affects the brain

Parkinson’s disease begins when nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra become damaged or die. These cells produce dopamine, a chemical that helps control movement. As these dopamine-producing nerve cells die or become damaged, symptoms like tremors (shaking), muscle stiffness and slow movement begin.

Doctors also find clumps of protein called alpha-synuclein (or Lewy bodies) in the brains of people with Parkinson’s. These clumps may damage brain cells and affect how the brain works. Researchers are still studying how these protein clumps form and why they may lead to Parkinson’s.

Learn how Parkinson’s is diagnosed and the signs to watch for.

How genetics affect Parkinson’s risk

Sometimes, Parkinson’s disease runs in families. About 15% of people with Parkinson’s have a family history of the disease. Several genes, including LRRK2, PARK2, PARK7, PINK1 and SNCA, have been linked to inherited forms of Parkinson’s.

However, having one of these gene changes doesn’t mean you’ll develop the condition. Genetics is just one piece of the puzzle. Learn more about how your genes can affect brain health.

Environmental risks for Parkinson’s disease

Long-term exposure to certain environmental toxins may raise your risk for Parkinson’s. These chemicals include:

• Pesticides (used to kill insects on crops)
• Herbicides (used to kill weeds)
• Solvents (used in cleaning products, degreasers and paint)

Over time, exposure to these substances may harm your brain and lead to Parkinson’s. Other possible environmental risks include air pollution, drinking well water and exposure to heavy metals, but more research is needed to understand how these affect the brain.

Who is most at risk for Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease affects people around the world. It can happen to anyone but some people have a higher risk:

• Age: Parkinson’s is more common as you get older. Most people are diagnosed after age 60. Diagnosis is rare for people under age 50 but it can happen. Early-onset Parkinson’s usually has a stronger genetic link.
• Family history: If a close family member (like a parent or sibling) has Parkinson’s, your risk is higher. But it doesn’t mean you will get it. 
• Gender: Men are more likely than women to develop Parkinson’s. Researchers are still learning why. It may have to do with hormones, lifestyle or genetics. 
• Exposure to toxins: Living or working around harmful chemicals may raise your risk.
• Head injuries: Serious head injuries may raise your risk of Parkinson’s disease. This includes injuries where you lost consciousness or had a concussion. Repeated hits to the head, like those seen in contact sports, may also increase risk. That’s why wearing a helmet and taking safety steps to protect your head is important.

Can medications cause Parkinson-like symptoms? 

Some medications can cause symptoms that look like Parkinson’s disease. This is called drug-induced parkinsonism. These symptoms may include: 

• Shaky hands
• Muscle stiffness
• Slowed movement

The risk is higher for drugs like antipsychotics, anti-nausea medications and medicines that treat hyperkinetic movement disorders. 

Symptoms often improve after stopping the medication, but in some cases they may continue. 

Talk to your health care provider or a Banner Health specialist if you notice symptoms after starting a new medication. They can help you find the proper treatment or adjust your medication.

Can Parkinson’s disease be prevented?

There is no proven way to prevent Parkinson’s disease. Still, you may be able to reduce your risk with healthy lifestyle choices and environmental factors: 

• Exercise regularly: Exercise may help protect brain cells and boost dopamine levels. Try walking, biking, swimming or dancing. Even moderate movement can make a difference.
• Eat a brain-healthy diet: Some studies show a Mediterranean diet may lower Parkinson’s risk. This diet includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, olive oil, nuts, and seeds. These foods help fight inflammation and protect brain cells.
• Sleep well: Sleep helps your brain rest and heal. Poor sleep may raise your risk of brain problems and other health issues. Aim for seven to nine hours of quality sleep each night.
• Protect your head: Wear a helmet when biking, skiing or playing contact sports. Use seatbelts and avoid risky situations. 
• Avoid harmful substances: Try to limit exposure to pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. Use protective gear when handling these items. Wash fruits and vegetables well. Drink clean water. Avoid smoking and limit alcohol.

Take charge of your brain health

You can’t control everything, but you can take steps to protect your health. Know your risks, make healthy choices and stay informed about new research.

Wondering about the early signs? Learn how Parkinson’s disease is diagnosed and what symptoms to watch for.

Concerned about your risk for Parkinson’s disease?

Schedule an appointment with a Banner Health movement disorders specialist. Our team can help you understand your risks, recognize early signs and create a personalized care plan.