Concussion Symptoms

Concussions, often referred to as mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), happen when a sudden, forceful blow to the head or body causes the brain to move rapidly back and forth within the skull. This movement can disrupt brain function, leading to a range of symptoms. 

You don't need to lose consciousness to suffer a concussion. Even seemingly minor head injuries from a bump or fall can cause significant problems. 

Common concussion symptoms

Symptoms can show up right away or over the course of days or weeks. Some of the most common signs and symptoms of concussion include:

• Headache: A persistent or throbbing pain. 
• Dizziness: Feeling lightheaded or unsteady.
• Confusion: Difficulty thinking clearly or concentrating.
• Memory problems: Trouble remembering recent events.
• Balance issues: Problems with coordination or walking.
• Nausea or vomiting: Feeling sick to your stomach.
• Sensitivity to light and noise: Being easily bothered by bright lights or loud sounds.
• Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired.
• Sleep disturbances: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
• Mood changes: Increased irritability, sadness or anxiety.
• Blurred vision or double vision: Changes in eyesight.
• Slurred speech: Difficulty speaking clearly.
• Numbness or tingling: Unusual sensations in parts of the body.

In severe cases, concussion symptoms may include:

• Loss of consciousness: Passing out, even for a few seconds.
• Seizures: Uncontrolled movements or jerking.
• Severe headache: Intense pain that doesn't improve.
• Repeated vomiting.
• Weakness or paralysis: Trouble moving one side of the body.
• Unequal or unresponsive pupils.

If you experience any severe symptoms, you should go to the emergency department immediately.

Post-concussion syndrome

For some people, symptoms continue longer than expected. This condition, known as post-concussion syndrome or post-concussive symptoms, can make everyday activities difficult. Recovery may take days or weeks, and in some cases, longer. If you notice ongoing problems, see a health care provider.

Special considerations for children and adolescents 

Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to mild traumatic brain injury because their brains are still developing. They may also have a harder time communicating how they feel. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), young athletes involved in a contact sport — like football, hockey or soccer — are at higher risk for concussions and may take longer to recover. Special care should be taken before allowing a return to play. 

Importance of rest and gradual return to activity

After a concussion, it's important to rest and allow the brain time to heal. A gradual return to physical activity is recommended. Returning to sports or other demanding activities too soon can increase the risk for another concussion or long-term problems, including post-concussive syndrome.

When to seek medical attention

If you or someone you know suffers a blow to the head, especially during a contact sport, it's important to seek medical evaluation right away. Even if symptoms seem mild. a professional check-up can help prevent serious traumatic brain injuries. Early diagnosis and proper management are key to a full recovery.